Name as you want, obzovite as you want, but something in our "Socialist Arte" was a living, powerful, arrogant and beautiful. I generally heat treat the creatures of that era, moreover, even those in which madness seemed more than art))
But there is not just sign things - there are real sacred symbols and fetishes of the time. One of these characters is incredible creature ID Shadra "Girl with a paddle" . What about it just did not write, just do not like cursing, but it was a phenomenon of a powerful, bright and fully meets the spirit of the time, not only nationally, but and the era beyond the state borders.
Unfortunately, the first and most stunning version of the sculpture is physically lost (he was in the concrete), and remained on the old photographs, but it will not matter much, it's like after-taste of good wine - that it no longer exists, but nevertheless it with you.
I want to share the most interesting, in my view, research on the topic of authorship Michael Zolotonosova.
Zolotonosov M. Γλυπτοκρατος. The study of silent discourse. Annotated katolog
landscape art Stalin's time. - St.: OOO INAPRESS, 1999, pp. 20-29
I. Dominating sculpture of Gorky Park. Gorky was a "Girl with a paddle," created by Ivan Dmitrievich Shadrom (1887 - 1941) and established as a decoration of the central fountain (photo second-park version of "See: Prospect 1937: cover and p. 32). As "mass production" "Girl" was made of "totalitarian" reinforced concrete, had a height of 4.6 m, was installed on the plinth 1.35 x1, 3 m height 0,75 m, cost 23,000 rubles. (Prices 1937). On Lenin Square Gorky Park in the heart of the fountain (architect A. Vlasov), the sculpture was installed in 1937 (see photo: Evening Moscow. 1937. June 10, a project of the central fountain Gorky Park, see Vlasov, 1936: 37). Until then stood in the center of the reservoir (see photo Architecture of the USSR. 1935. № 10/11, to insert a. 49).
That Shadr, a disciple of A. Maillol. turned to nudity, no surprise (especially given the appropriate social order). Natural and appeal to the "water myth" in Stalinist culture is important and traditionally associated with women. More surprising: the use of vulgar erotic imagery. Oar in the sculpture loses its home sense and it becomes obvious phallic symbol, it refers to either the oarlock in which to insert the paddle (see "Key" and "castle") or to Tirso Dionysus is a metaphor for the phallus, and finally, it must be remembered that the naked girl with erect nipples rower (erect nipples and a massive bust was and the statue of "Liberated East" of the ID Shadra) became the decoration of the fountain, which is a symbol of "eternal life" (Likhachev 1982: 42), but also runs vodometaniem eruption of sperm. However, and Pasternak was not too refined, when he gave his heroine "vaginal" name "eyelets": grommet - this hole in the sail for threading gear.
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Speaking of plastic prototypes shadrovskogo simulacrum, we should first point out Venus Tauride (Hermitage), with its elongated proportions and Athena Lemnya work of Phidias, who was standing on the Acropolis of Athens (circa 450 BC. Er.), Which relies on a spear left hand. From this posture of the goddess-winner. Perhaps, rather not talk about any particular Athens, and on the whole cluster, "Athens", referring to Athens Horse Guards building an arena in Leningrad-St Petersburg (Rakov 1996: 13; a spear in his right hand) and Athens, set on the main avenue of the Summer Garden (Rakov 1996: 12; spear in the left hand). By the way, to the same category statue, mounted on the roofs of buildings in Leningrad, is Bellona (goddess circle Mars) on the facade of the building of barracks Cavalry Regiment (Shpalernaya Str. 41/43). The next item on the list of antique prototypes is "Statue of a Hellenistic monarch» (II century. BC. Er.) (See Ancient Sculpture 1961: illus. 75), also based on a spear with his left hand (figure of the monarch's naked). It is not excluded that the paddle as a purely masculine attribute passed to the "Girls" the prototype of the XVIII century - Copper Neptune, who was holding a trident in his left hand (set to Peterhof on the marine terrace at the Catherine Palace housing Mon Plaisir, made by an unknown sculptor figure of Peter I in 1716, see Decorative Sculpture 1981: The section "Petrodvorets, illus. 24 - 26). Recoded in this case, a triple character: "Peter", the mythological (Ancient Greece), the male character was transformed into a Stalinist, Soviet-mythological (Sports), female. In this case, and there was ambiguity in the semantics (especially with the replacement of male to female trident paddle). Incidentally, the genitalia of Neptune were covered with a bandage. Also noted the connection with the navigation figure sculptor D. Jensen on the roof of the pavilion for the boat of Peter I (1891) and with two figures of the nymphs of the river with oars, outside the design of the fountain "Neptune" in the Upper Garden of Peterhof (1652 - 1660, bronze) of H. Ritter and G. Schweiger (Noise 1989; accurate data, see Catalog 1977).
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is also possible that at Shadra could affect the figure of "The winner in the javelin (1927, bronze, 40 cm) M. Manizer (see Manizer 1940: Album of illustrations) Statuette of NI Shilnikova "Sportwoman with a paddle" (Sculpture 1932: an album of illustrations, the section "Mass sculpture"), sculpture ML Simonovic "Skier" (1935) (see picture art. 1935. № 6. S. 148), a statue of the GI Motovilova "athlete with a paddle" (1935, an image not found) and Spearman (1935 ) DP Schwartz (Cement, 3 m), designed to process the main entrance of the stadium "Electric" in Moscow (see photo Neiman 1955; Art. 1936. № 1. S. 141). It is also worth mentioning the numerous photographs that depicted the rowers who were holding the oars in an upright position. For example, a picture was published in the "Park of Culture and Leisure "(1934. August 31. № 30. S. 1): it depicts two boys and one girl with the oars in his left hand, posed vertically (see also a similar picture in the book of the Soviet Eros 1997: 68).
abundance of possible modern prototype first speaks about what Shadr imprinted typical gesture era , summing up a kind of total plastic quest of many sculptors, has found a successful symbiosis of antique and sporting codes embodied in the image of the phallic woman.
Special consideration deserves the history of the creation of sculpture. Concrete statue itself has not survived, the circumstances of its demolition are not known, There is only a bronze casting 117h79h34, which have accumulated over the conflicting opinions. According to one version, this sketch for a sculpture made by Shadrom (Kolpinsky 1964. Illus. 53 - 54). According to another version, "gypsum" Girl "in the late 50's through the efforts of his wife's Shadra together with his other work has been translated in bronze \u0026lt;...>. Casting made famous master Vladimir Lukyanov (Martynenko, 1995).
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However, when comparing the surviving photos "Park the girls" with a bronze becomes evident their substantial anatomic and aesthetic differences. In the bronze girl squat, it is much wider hips and thighs, she is full, fleshy, it is shorter and thicker legs. Gorky Park for the same has been made more slender, more leggy and uzkobedraya, with legs and a figure much more romantic and exciting, but with strong muscular arms. Therefore, most likely, bronze is not a miniature park statues, and independent studies, which is much stronger stressed female "earth" has started, in keeping with tradition, A. Maillol.
By rejecting this tradition, Shadr in 1934 - 1935 years. created the first version of the park "(the name given to us on probation): the earliest mention of it found in the newspaper "Soviet Art", 1935, July 17, № 33. In the photo A. Greenberg Shadra work has been represented in the workshop of the sculptor, and in the caption to the photo said:
«Sculptor A. (!) D. Shadr finishes most monumental composition" The Girl with a paddle, "which will be installed in the center of the fountain in the the main thoroughfare of the Park. Bitter. The sculpture depicts a young Soviet athlete to his full height with a paddle in his hand. The height of the figure, together with a bronze pedestal about 12 meters (photo reproduced in Shadr 1978. "illus. 41, Moscow News, 1996. 18 - 25 August. № 33. P.24).
By the way, the statue of Athena Parthenos of Phidias had height of 12 meters, too.
However, "the first version of the park (photo at Gorky Park, see Architecture of the USSR. 1935. № 10/11, to insert a. 49) was rejected, as the public Director Park said in an interview with Betty Glan "Evening Moscow" May 10, 1936:
«This summer the park was decorated with sculptures of our new Soviet masters. In the parachute tower set a figure "parachutist" sculptor Schwartz. Sculptor Janson-Manizer finished my new work "Ballerina" \u0026lt;...> the shore of a pond put up the sculpture "Youth" Fildsa. He is currently working on two large sculptural groups on the subject of physical education. In accordance with the criticisms and observations of visitors to the park sculptor Shadr altered the shape of "The Girl with a paddle, which is cast now made of bronze.
the evenings on the dark green wall Neskuchnyi garden will burn the words of the great leader Comrade peoples. Stalin: "Life has become better comrades. Life has become merrier "drawn giant neon letters (Glahn 1936; Emphasis added. - MA 3.).
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Perhaps Shadr "overdone" creating a "first park version of the" not so much a woman in her customary for the Stalinist socialist guise of child-bearing guns as phallic model women, especially frightened of leg length, muscle volume of the shoulder girdle and elongated proportions. In addition, as shown by a comparative study of photographs first and second versions of park, the first featured the sexy hair: the hair is very taut and twisted into two "horns", forehead and neck fully open, clearly outlined the shape of the head. By the way, a perfectly covered with head swimmer - to impart shine and preserving hair in the water - still covered gelatin, finally turns her hair like a rubber bathing cap.
By the summer of 1936 came the "second version of the park, apparently more hath made public. Changed not only the hair that has become more arbitrary and less sexual. Gone are the muscles of the hands of men. She became thinner and more romantic. One of the reviewers mentioned in the article about the exhibition in 1937: «shows a new version of" Girls with a paddle "Shadra surely prosper the previous one, although Shadrom and are not eradicated currently known pose, coldness in the interpretation of form » (. Maslov 1937). We can assume that the subtext condemnation of such dissatisfaction contain non-mayolevskogo fiziologizma and femininity: the ideal woman should not be self-sufficient, it is intended для продолжения рода, о чем должны недвусмысленно свидетельствовать широкие бедра и большая грудь, которых не вылепил скульптор.
Различным Options "Girls" meet two Artist's Model, which it is known that they posed Shadru: Vera Voloshin and Zoe Bedrinskaya. Likely that Voloshinoy made tyazhelonogie "mayolevskie" sketches, or "the first version of the park (no less likely that" mayolevskie "Etudes fashioned even without a model, as a "quote"), and the second Shadr sculpted with a lovely romantic Bedrinskoy. In any case, the available options for "Girls" reveal the semantic range of the search sculptor: between "woman" and "girl", between the sexually mature body with too convex shapes, ready to bear fruit, and the embodiment of man's dreams of "fallichsskoy" long-legged, muscular, narcissistic, cold divas with elongated nipples, which Nobody podpuschen, frightening and annoying erotically inaccessibility and perfection. Shadr like Schopenhauer remembered aphorism: "Only otumanenny sex drive men insane could call beautiful undersized, narrow-shouldered, broad-hipped sex "(quoted in Veresaev 1985. 358).
As a result, diva was slender, "physiological" no stomach, no hint of athleticism, a mixture of Venus and the first discus thrower park option is not left. Especially incite male sensuality ataraxia and posture, not justified by the spiritual state (which was required by A. Maillol, Rodin, O. or AT Matveeva), but dictated by the frank desire hetaera to body admired,
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that the body was "shrouded gaze of others" and nothing prevent us from seeing all the details. The final sculpture is clearly seen that Umberto Eco astutely described as "a sly frigidity, understanding under this "taste to make fuel \u0026lt;...> desire without the stress of his excesses" (Eco 1995. 256).
As noted by T. Cherednichenko, "" Girl with a paddle "is far from naive. Much in the cold plaster 30 x - from the heated 20-x (Cherednichenko, 1994: 34). To be more precise - from 1890-1900's, from "secret album and "Secret card" model, which were deprived of psychology and dispassionately demonstrated invisible (see illustration Scheid 1994). The body of the final park version of "Girls with a paddle" like these cards, stylistics of which, incidentally, is strongly influenced by visual imagery "NEP Nouveau" mid-1920.
Contemporaries genesis of "Girls" from "secret cards" felt quite acutely, from constant hints a criminal in seredinetridtsatyh's eroticism: "This is especially annoying lazy permanency vogromnoy Shadra sculpture" Girl with a paddle. " Exaggeratedly elongated, with weak effeminate forms, the girl is in a "delicate" position, leaning on an oar. But the paddle is not working ": it is clear that she does not rowing them. If it were not for fantasy artist, she could draw oderevo, on the shoulder of the satellite (! - MA 3.) And the last thing on the paddle or kope.Gorazdo successful "problem paddles are allowed in other sculptures (Iodko )\u0026lt;..->» (. Samoilov 1937 ) . It's funny that the reviewer wanted to see the version of "Girls", which had previously stood in Gorky Park and which has been criticized - probably for being too masculine, in conjunction with other parameters of the statue seen as gipererotizm. In R. Iodko (See II, III, IV) did eroticism absent, can not be said of the Shadra.
No less remarkable similarity poses "Girls with a paddle" to pose a model
1930 - Artist Slavske (pictured, was exhibited navystavke "Soviet eros", which opened May 14, 1996 at the Anna Akhmatova Museum, See Booklet 1996; Zolotonosov 1997. 39): Shadr sought to comprehend the body aesthetically, and hence the different cultural codes (including the informal code of "cards") which the sculptor used simultaneously. Yugoslav and Photographs 1930. demonstrate specifically the Soviet method of conservation of eroticism:
«низ» (опорная нога прямая, другая немного согнута в колене) выполнен «античным» языком; левая, согнутая в колене, нога является частью S -образной line interpreted as a sign of erotic;
«top": right hand, raised his head and showing the armpit, recalls pre-Revolutionary "Soft porn" (the language of "cards") is part of S -shaped line, angled left hand resting on hip, refers to the "sport" Language;
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sports shift from "top" to "bottom": too narrow hips, resulting in poorly planned S -shaped line on the right hand through the abdomen left thigh, which is mandatory in the language of "cards". Finally, there is no languid inclination of the head, which continues to S -shaped line, his head planted in a sports directly.
symptomatic that this same scheme is described and a second park version of Shadra (only here in my knee bent left and right leg): S -shaped, which has existed in one of the studies (sunrise A. Maillol) markedly rectified that, but did not remove the statue of these languages "cards." From this point of view of interest referred to in Note. 58 Shadra sculpture "Liberated East" (1928) with isklyuchitelnoseksapilnym "twisted" body (Space S -shaped) additional emphasis in the form of wrinkles on the bare back, draw up the same S -shaped (see illustration on page 146 pres. ed.).
Incidentally, the female body, fashioned Shadrom, drawn into the stomach and arched aperture which unites "Girl with a paddle" with the actress Yugoslav, but differs from Venus Tauride, in which the viewer looks calm throughout the stomach and the diaphragm is concave. Behind this is a departure from previous erotic Canon and the transition to a new, yet to fully take hold. New Canon focuses not on Venus, peaceful, and the frenzied, ecstatic Bacchante.
Pose "Girls" - in view of the genesis of - indicates that the audience is literally total body , belonging to the commune and accessible to use every imaginable erotic: hardly AleksandruMatveevu, established in 1932 and 1937. a number of masterpieces in the genre of "nu" (small plastic) would have thought to do a naked woman as tall as a three-story house. Lost intimacy, soulful, sexy challenge arose, publicity, pornography.
On "municipal body" wrote Bakhtin, analyzing the man in the Greek area: "The man was all outside, though in the literal sense this word. \u0026lt;...> Being outside - to be for others, for the team, for its people » (Bakhtin 1975: 284, 285).
In Stalin's sculptural myth of "externalization" turned into a strip
and became an ideological action, making Stripping monumental because more indecent: strip turned out to be state matter. It is not surprising that Zoe Bedrinskaya confessed that sat only 60 years after it was exposed before 37-year-old sculptor.
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II. Sculpture R. Iodko "Girl with a paddle" (1936). Gorky Park was established in them. Gorky them. Kirov and across the country. See Image Creation. 1937. N 7. S. 13; Red Sports. 1937. May 19, 1938. Jan. 11.; Soviet art. 1937. August 5. № 36, Prospect 1939. 2-cover page; Kirov Islands 1952: An album of illustrations: "The boat station; Iodko 1952.
The most popular era sculpture that has become its symbol. «\u0026lt;...> in almost every city park, where there is water, can be found "Girl with a paddle" and "girl jumping into the water." In Tallinn, the Kadriorg Park, this statue is repeated three times on the same pond (Tarasova, 1953. 10). Photos captured the "girl" in Gorky (Red sport. 1937. August 25.) in the park CDKA (Ibid.. 1939. June 28), a water station in the resort of Sochi {RKKA Resort newspaper. (Sochi). 1937. March 23} in a park resort Chemists (Sochi) (Resort newspaper. 1937. March 3) at the beach resort in the Red Army Gurzuf [Spa News (Yalta). 1937. July 19}. In this totality was something natural (= dokulturnoe): statue distributed as a tree. That's "Girl with a paddle" Iodko was immortalized in a postmodern epistle TY Kibirov.
The popularity can be indirectly measured by the number of publications of the photographic image in only one newspaper, The Red Sports "in 1937 - 1939gg.:
« Girl with an oar " Iodko - 4 times
(and one more time "Woman with a paddle" of the same Iodko, see III);
«jump into the water» (IV) - 2 times;
«Footballers» (XXX) Zimmerman and Petrosian - 2 times;
«parachutist» (XXXIV) Schwartz - 2 times;
other (I, XVII, XXXI, XXXII, 1 ^ HH1U, 1 ^ XXY) - one at a time.
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material - plaster, height of 2.5 m. In contrast, "Girls" I. Shadra, dressed in a swimsuit. Faceless "sports" figure, to the extent of a squat and powerful. Statue reminds mannequin in a shop window, it in the strict sense simulacrum in relation to the work of Shadra that emphasized reflectivity (an oar in his left hand, and the "Girls" Shadra - on the right) and the presence bathing suit, which hid the nipples erect the original. N. Shchekotov include articles Iodko among the best works of this year (Shchekotov 1937: 8). With him, however, did not agree B. Maslov: he pointed out lack of spontaneity and freshness.
«In the statue there are moments of posing, a deliberate prettiness \u0026lt;...>> (Maslov 1937), carefully notice the reviewer.
Work Iodko an even greater extent than the Statue of Shadra, demonstrates one of the major aesthetic properties Glyptothek Park: uncertainty in facial expression, the absence of specific features and individual expression, ultimately, a "generic" generalization, reminiscent of "the sublime spirituality "of Greek statues in V. BC The same goes for sight:
«Before looking at the IV century Greek statue there is no individual life, nor any particular expression, it is an abstract look beyond time and space, nothing on the call, do not reflect any nature or experiences "(Whipper 1985: 121).
This is where aesthetics created by the Soviet sculpture park (and not just for parks: Monument to Lenin and Stalin did not depict specific historical characters, and Lenin and Stalin as massovndnye options neo-pagan idols at all).
III. Sculpture R. Iodko for the fountain "Woman with a paddle" (1935), initially installed - no fountain - at the Moscow stadium "Electric" in Cherkizovo (See picture art. 1936. № 1. S. 142). The sculpture stood in a semicircular alcove wall stadium. Critic MN Rayhinshteyn found this statue is very unfortunate:
"In the beginning was supposed to put it in the center of the fountain \u0026lt;...>. Consistent with this Iodko built a very sophisticated silhouette. When the fountain then decided to abandon and moved the statue to the wall, complex curved lines of its silhouette appeared in strong contradiction with the simple lines framing the niche "(Rayhiishteyn 1936: 142 - 143).
figure leans on his left foot, right foot placed on a cubic base, the knee is strongly pushed forward with his right hand woman leans to paddle (pictured in the magazine "Art" it's not), the left lowered and touches the thigh on the woman shorts and t-shirt. The face is absolutely senseless, on which MN Rayhinshteyn not help but comment:
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«As a general shortcoming, inherent to all statues in the stadium, it should be noted abstractness and inexpressive of their heads. If the Greeks body tells more than the face, it was understandable in the circumstances of the time. We are also in this case should take an example from antiquity \u0026lt;...>. Healthy body, we appreciate only when it is spiritualized brilliant human thought "(Rayhinshteyn 1936: 144) 77.
Rejecting all the intricacies of the silhouette that led to the failure of the "Woman with a paddle, Iodko in" Girl with a paddle "come to the ultimate simplicity.
funny that in a park resort Centrosoyuz (Kislovodsk) was a "woman with a paddle" Iodko, which instead of oars in hand, put a tennis racket, absurdly protruding vertically (see Resort newspaper photo. 1937. June 11). At the periphery, and this product Iodko had to taste, see, for example, photos of the statue in a park resort in Kislovodsk Intourist Red Sports. 1938. Dec. 7.) Park resort "Proletariat" (Evpatoria) [ Crimean Komsomolets. (Simferopol). 1937. July 30 ] and park resort "Krasnaya Zvezda" (Yalta) (Spa News. 1938. Oct. 10.).
For those who have not mastered a lot of letters, you can just listen and watch, getting fun))
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